Trace-level analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls,organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human plasma or serum by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

A method to determine 8 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 23 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was described using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) of a small amount of plasma or serum sample and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). The appropriate selection of the extraction solvent and dispersing solvent contributes to a high extraction yield and a clean extract. To verify the developed method, the interference, linearity of the calibration curve, detection limit, precision and accuracy were evaluated. The calibration curves were linear by 2–3 orders of magnitude with correlation coefficients above 0.997 in all cases. The LODs of PCBs, OCPs and PAHs were measured in the ranges of 0.0006–0.0029, 0.001–0.029 and 0.0002–0.012 ng/mL. The intraday precision achieved by this method was 2.19–10.3% (PCBs), 1.65–14.3% (OCPs) and 0.91–12.8% (PAHs), and the intraday accuracy 1.56–7.37% (PCBs), 2.34–19.6% (OCPs) and 1.49–15.7% (PAHs). The advantage of this method is that the analysis of PCBs, OCPs, and PAHs can be performed in a single chromatographic run, and the low detection limit enables monitoring of target substances in low exposure general public samples, and the analysis procedure is relatively simple and fast.     

Determination of selected polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and earthworm (Eisenia fetida) using a QuEChERS‐based method and gas chromatography with tandem MS

Soil and earthworms are important objects in soil pollution assessment and environmental behavior and toxicity study for polychlorinated biphenyls. Accelerated solvent extraction and solid‐phase extraction are generally required for the extraction and clean‐up of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and earthworm, which are tedious and time‐consuming. In this work, a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure combined with gas chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of 20 selected polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in soil and earthworm. Different extraction times, solvents, and clean‐up adsorbents were compared and optimized. The average recoveries from spiked soils ranged between 70 and 120% with satisfactory relative standard deviations for all the polychlorinated biphenyls. In earthworm, the recoveries of polychlorinated biphenyls 180, 183, and 189 were relatively low (< 70% in some spiking levels) compared to that of the other polychlorinated biphenyls. The limits of quantification were in the range of 0.01–0.05 ng/g. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of 66 agricultural soils. To our knowledge, a combined method based on QuEChERS for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and earthworms has not been published before. The procedure proved to be simple, sensitive, efficient, and environmentally friendly.     

金属-有机纳米管分散固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱高灵敏分析环境水样中痕量多氯联苯

采用含铅金属-有机纳米管为吸附剂,基于分散固相萃取和气相色谱-串联质谱建立了一种高灵敏分析环境水样中痕量多氯联苯的方法.采用正交设计响应面法对影响萃取效果的重要因素(如离子强度、萃取时间和吸附剂用量等)进行了优化.获得的最优条件为:离子强度4.92 %(w/V)NaCl,萃取时间4.5 min,正己烷为解吸剂,吸附剂用量62.5 mg.在优化条件下,方法的线性范围为2~1000 ng/L,检出限为0.26~0.82 ng/L. 日内和日间相对标准偏差分别为0.8%~5.5% (200 ng/L, n=6)和2.7%~7.4% (200 ng/L, n=6).将本方法应用于实际环境水样中多氯联苯的分析,回收率为78.9%~113.3%,结果满意.     

加速溶剂提取-同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法测定生物样品中82种多氯联苯

我国水产品中多氯联苯(PCBs)的检测方法,主要以6种指示性PCBs和12种二噁英类共平面PCBs为主,仅涵盖有限的PCBs。为更全面地获得生物体中PCBs的浓度水平,深入探讨PCBs在生物体内的代谢和富集特征,进而准确评价PCBs对人类的暴露水平及风险,以鱼和贝类作为生物样品代表,建立了加速溶剂提取-同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱(ASE-ID-HRGC-HRMS)测定生物样品中82种PCBs的方法。比较了振荡提取和加速溶剂提取两种提取方式的回收率和重复性,最终采用正己烷-二氯甲烷(1∶1, v/v)对PCBs进行加速溶剂提取。考察了各流分淋洗液对PCBs的回收率,确定了样品提取液经8 g 44%酸性硅胶层析柱(内径15 mm), 90 mL正己烷洗脱的净化方式。样品提取液净化浓缩后进行HRGC-HRMS分析,色谱柱采用DB-5MS超低流失石英毛细管柱(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)。通过优化后的升温程序对化合物进行分离,以保留时间和两个特征离子精准定性,采用同位素内标法定量。结果表明,在0.1~200 μg/L范围内,平均相对响应因子(RRF)的相对标准偏差值(RSD, n=7)均≤20%,相关系数(r²)>0.99。生物样品中PCBs的方法检出限为0.02~3 pg/g;鱼类中PCBs平均加标回收率为71.3%~141%, RSD(n=7)为2.1%~14%;贝类中PCBs平均加标回收率为76.9%~143%, RSD为1.4%~11%。该方法灵敏、准确、可靠,可以更加全面具体地分析鱼和贝类等水产品受PCBs的污染情况,为国内外开展生物监测提供有效的技术支持,从而服务于相关生态环境管理及履行《斯德哥尔摩公约》。     

固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定武汉市普通人群血清中35种有机氯农药与多氯联苯

有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)是两类重要的持久性有机污染物,可在环境介质中长期存在,并通过多种途径进入人体,导致人体的高暴露风险。OCPs和PCBs对人体存在诸多健康危害,精准定量人体内OCPs和PCBs的暴露水平是健康效应评价的关键。该研究基于固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱联用技术(SPE-GC-MS/MS)建立了同时检测100 μL血清中35种OCPs和PCBs的分析方法。血清样品经尿素沉淀蛋白后,采用Oasis^® HLB小柱净化,正己烷-二氯甲烷混合溶液(1∶1, v/v)洗脱,氮吹近干,正己烷定容,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,内标法定量分析。结果表明,OCPs和PCBs在0.05~50.0 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,检出限在1.2~71.4 ng/L之间。35种目标分析物的加标回收率在72.6%~142%之间,相对标准偏差小于25%。利用所建立的方法检测了武汉市普通人群血清样本中OCPs和PCBs的浓度水平,结果表明武汉市普通人群广泛暴露于OCPs和PCBs,且以OCPs为主。有8种OCPs和7种PCBs检出率高于50%,其中p,p'-滴滴伊、p,p'-滴滴滴和甲氧滴滴涕检出率达100%,非类二噁英PCBs是PCBs的主要成分。血清中OCPs浓度随年龄增长呈升高趋势,在60岁以上存在性别差异;不同性别、年龄人群血清中PCBs浓度无统计学差异。该方法样本用量少,操作简便,具有较高的准确度和精密度,适用于环境健康研究中大量人群血清样本中痕量OCPs和PCBs的生物监测。     

Evaluation of a Novel Dechlorination Reaction as an Analytically Useful Derivatization Reaction Part 1. Stoichiometry,Mechanism and Yield Optimization

Abstract

A novel reaction for the dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as well as most other chlorinated aromatic and aliphatic compounds is evaluated and discussed in terms of its potential for analytical purposes. The active dechlorinating agent is prepared through the reaction of molten sodium or potassium with polyethylene glycols (MW >200), in the absence of oxygen, to form the corresponding alkali metal glycolate, a powerful nucleophilic agent. Special emphasis is given to the mechanistic aspects of the reaction and their importance in terms of achieving high and reproducible yields with analytical quantities of substrate, in short periods of time. The contribution of the techniques: ESR, NMR, IR, UV, MS, GC-ECD, LC-EC, CIDNP-NMR, conductimetry and chloride analysis (amperometric) in elucidating the reaction mechanism and providing valuable kinetic data is illustrated. This reaction can potentially be applied to the determination of PCBs in waste oils.     

Anaerobic Degradation of PCB in Soils

Abstract

The anaerobic degradation of PCB in loamy and clayey soils containing indigeneous microflora was studied. The anaerobic conditions were created by an argon atmosphere in the flasks containing soil flooded by a liquid medium with glucose. GC-ECD analysis of soil extracts after 40 day incubation showed, in addition to the concentration changes of the less chlorinated PCB congeners, a significant decrease in the concentration of highly chlorinated congeners in both soils. The results indicate that in both soil types reductive dehalogenation of PCB congeners was encountered.     

气相色谱-质谱法同时测定地下水中42种半挥发性有机污染物

建立了同时测定地下水中多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)和有机磷农药(OPPs)等42种半挥发性有机污染物的分析方法,对固相萃取、液-液萃取、萃取溶剂和色谱柱等分析条件进行优化。最终采用乙酸乙酯-正己烷(1∶4)液液萃取,DB-5MS色谱柱分离,GC-MS/SIM测定,内标法定量。结果表明,42种目标物在0.5~1 000μg/L范围内线性关系良好(r20.995);方法检出限为0.05~3.08 ng/L。在10、40、400 ng/L加标水平下,42种目标物的基体加标平均回收率为73.0%~107%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为1.4%~11.3%。将方法应用于石家庄周边地区水样检测,结果可靠。该方法灵敏、准确、简单易行,可显著提高地下水中主要有机污染物的分析效率。     

ASE/GC-MS法同时测定海洋沉积物中65种多氯联苯、多环芳烃与有机氯农药

建立了加速溶剂萃取/气相色谱-质谱法(ASE/GC-MS)同时测定海洋沉积物中28种多氯联苯(PCBs)、16种多环芳烃(PAHs)和21种有机氯农药(OCPs)的分析方法.结果表明,ASE的最佳萃取温度为100 ℃,最佳静态时间为5 min.GC-MS同时分析65种化合物时,PAHs的线性范围为0.05 ～5.00 ...     

Determining PCB desorption behaviour on sediments with SFE and investigating the dependency of selective fractions on sediment characteristics

A method for studying PCB desorption behaviour from sediments using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is presented. Four sediments were investigated and extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide employing increasingly harsher extraction conditions ranging from 40°C and 12?MPa to 100°C and 36.5?MPa. To ensure quantitative extractions, the remaining SFE residues were also extracted with PLE. Resulting profiles identified at least three different PCB fractions within the four sediments. Furthermore, a distinct fraction was obtained with extraction for 2?h at 40°C and 36.5?MPa. This fraction has previously been found to correlate well with bioavailable fractions. The dependency of this fraction on sediment total organic carbon (TOC) was investigated, both for sediments examined in this study as well as for previously reported values using the same extraction conditions. It was found that TOC does not correlate to selective SFE, which indicates that the use of TOC to predict bioavailability is questionable.